Revista Sexología y Sociedad

La presente investigación surge como respuesta a una demanda de ayuda de un grupo de profesionales que laboran con niños/as y adolescentes víctimas de abuso sexual, ante el desgaste emocional que les produce el contacto con las historias traumáticas de los mismos. Estudios anteriores han demostrado que el impacto negativo que trae consigo dicha actividad laboral puede generar daños significativos al bienestar integral de los especialistas que la realizan, de ahí que nos hayamos propuesto, como objetivo principal, propiciar estrategias de autocuidado para un mejor enfrentamiento de las situaciones con las que trabajan. Para ello se crea un dispositivo grupal con la participación de veintiún profesionales que mantienen contacto directo con niños/as y adolescentes víctimas de abuso sexual. Se realizaron cinco sesiones, con el empleo de la metodología del psicodrama por su pertinencia para estimular las potencialidades del ser humano, así como el desarrollo de sus habilidades y capacidades en función de ampliar el control y dominio sobre sí mismos y su mundo interno. Los resultados parciales nos muestran que el desgaste emocional disminuye al contar con un espacio donde pueden expresar y compartir sus vivencias y sentimientos reprimidos, así como liberar fuertes cargas emocionales. Además, el uso de las técnicas psicodramáticas favorece un mayor desarrollo del autoconocimiento y propicia que emerjan nuevas habilidades y recursos personológicos; les ayuda a desmontar falsas creencias construidas a lo largo de su experiencia en el puesto y posibilita que se apropien de nuevas herramientas para manejar sus propias emociones.

THIS RESEARCH IS A RESPONSE TO A REQUEST FOR HELP FROM A GROUP OF PROFESSIONALS WORKING WITH CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS VICTIMS OF SEXUAL ABUSE, IN ORDER TO COPE WITH THE EMOTIONAL EXHAUSTION EXPERIENCED AS A RESULT OF THEIR CONTACT WITH TRAUMATIC STORIES OF THE VICTIMS. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT THE NEGATIVE IMPACT THAT INVOLVES SUCH LABOR ACTIVITY CAN GENERATE SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE TO THE WELL-BEING OF THE SPECIALISTS WHO PERFORM THEM. THIS IS WHY WE HAVE PROPOSED AS A PRIMARY
OBJECTIVE THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR BETTER COPING WITH THE SITUATION THEY ENCOUNTERED AT WORK. IN THIS STUDY, A GROUP WAS CREATED WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF 21 PROFESSIONALS WHO HAVE DIRECT CONTACT WITH CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS VICTIMS OF SEXUAL ABUSE. FIVE SESSIONS WERE CONDUCTED USING THE METHODOLOGY OF PSYCHODRAMA DUE TO THEIR RELEVANCE TO STIMULATE HUMAN POTENTIAL AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR SKILLS AND ABILITIES IN TERMS OF EXTENDING THE CONTROL AND MASTERY OVER THEMSELVES AND THEIR INNER WORLD. THE PARTIAL RESULTS SHOW THAT THE EMOTIONAL EXHAUSTION DECREASES WHEN THOSE EXPERIENCING IT HAVE A SPACE WHERE THEY CAN EXPRESS
AND SHARE THEIR EXPERIENCES AND REPRESSED FEELINGS, AND RELEASE STRONG EMOTIONAL BURDENS. FURTHERMORE, THE USE OF PSYCHODRAMA TECHNIQUES FAVORS THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE AND FOSTERS THE EMERGENCE OF NEW SKILLS AND PERSONOLOGICAL RESOURCES. IT HELPS TO DISMANTLE MISCONCEPTIONS THEY HAVE ATTAINED THROUGH THEIR WORKING EXPERIENCE AND ALLOWS THE POSSIBILITY TO GAIN NEW TOOLS TO MANAGE THEIR OWN EMOTIONS.

KEY WORDS: SELF-CARE, PSYCHODRAMA, PROFESSIONALS, ATTENTION TO VICTIMS OF
SEXUAL ABUSE

La educación integral de la sexualidad con enfoque de derechos, género y diversidad en la formación pedagógica, es un reto educativo importante y necesario. En la Escuela Pedagógica Provincial de Matanzas, se realizó una estrategia educativa para lograr este objetivo. Una de las acciones fue el diseño e implementación de un sistema de talleres desde primero hasta el cuarto año de formación. El estudiantado utiliza en su tercer año un material complementario para el análisis con este enfoque de los textos de los libros de Lectura de la Educación Primaria; de esta manera desarrollan habilidades prácticas metodológicas para orientar este proceso en la enseñanza primaria. El objetivo de este informe es explicar cómo puede utilizarse este material en la práctica pedagógica para propiciar la reflexión sobre esta temática de las/los escolares primarios. Se pretende potenciar cambios en la conciencia de los sujetos implicados en el proceso formativo.

THE INTEGRAL EDUCATION OF SEXUALITY WITH A GENDER AND DIVERSITY APPROACH IN THE PEDAGOGIC FORMATION IS AN IMPORTANT AND NECESSARY EDUCATIVE GOAL. IN THE PEDAGOGIC SCHOOL OF MATANZAS CITY AN EDUCATIVE STRATEGY IS CARRIED OUT TO ACHIEVE THIS GOAL. ONE OF THE ACTIONS TAKEN WAS THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A WORKSHOP SYSTEM FROM THE FIRST TO THE FOURTH YEAR OF TRAINING. DURING THE THIRD YEAR THE STUDENTS USE A COMPLEMENTARY MATERIAL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE READING TEXTBOOKS OF PRIMARY EDUCATION WITH A GENDER AND DIVERSITY APPROACH. THUS, THE STUDENTS DEVELOP METHODOLOGICAL AND PRACTICAL SKILLS TO GUIDE THIS PROCESS IN PRIMARY EDUCATION. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS PAPER IS TO EXPLAIN HOW THIS MATERIAL CAN BE USED IN THE PEDAGOGIC PRACTICE IN ORDER TO STIMULATE THE REFLECTION ON THIS TOPIC IN THE PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS. THIS STRATEGY PRETENDS TO MAKE CHANGES IN THE CONSCIENCE OF THOSE INVOLVED IN THE FORMATIVE PROCESS.

KEY WORDS: PEDAGOGIC FORMATION, COMPREHENSIVE EDUCATION OF SEXUALITY, RIGHTS-ORIENTED APPROACH, GENDER, DIVERSITY

En Cuba prácticamente no existen estudios científicos sobre cómo se manifiesta la homofobia. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo principal hacer un diagnóstico de la homofobia dentro de una muestra de 210 personas, a partir de, en primer lugar, dilucidar qué entienden por homofobia; en segundo lugar, cuántas han sido víctimas o testigos de la misma; y por último, de qué manera lo han experimentado (entiéndase, dónde, cuándo, cómo, quién la ejerció, cuáles fueron sus efectos a nivel individual y cómo respondieron a estos actos). Para conseguir esos propósitos, se ha aplicado, desde una perspectiva cuanti-cualitativa, una encuesta a integrantes de las redes sociales comunitarias del Centro Nacional de Educación Sexual (CENESEX) y a colaboradores del Centro. Este estudio pretende ser la primera fase de un proceso investigativo más amplio que permita la propuesta de un sistema de acciones para transformar este fenómeno social, dado que más del 80% de los encuestados han sido testigos de actos homofóbicos y casi 90 % de lesbianas, gays, bisexuales y trans (LGBT) los han experimentado. Dentro de la presente muestra, el problema de la homofobia en general se expresa enburlas e insultos en espacios públicos por parte de personas que tienen escasa relación con el sujeto.

IN CUBA, THERE ARE VERY FEW SCIENTIFIC STUDIES BASED ON HOW
HOMOPHOBIA IS EXPRESSED. THE CURRENT RESEARCH AIMS TO DO A
HOMOPHOBIA DIAGNOSIS AMONG 210 SELECTED PEOPLE IN ORDER TO KNOW, FIRSTLY, WHAT THEY UNDERSTAND BY HOMOPHOBIA; SECONDLY, HOW MANY OF THEM HAVE BEEN VICTIMS OR WITNESSES OF IT; AND LASTLY, IN WHICH WAY THEY HAVE EXPERIENCED IT (I.E., WHERE, WHEN, HOW, BY WHOM, THE EFFECTS AT PERSONAL LEVEL, AND THEIR REACTIONS). TO THIS EFFECT, A QUESTIONNAIRE, FROM A QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE PERSPECTIVE, TO MEMBERS OF THE COMMUNITARIAN SOCIAL NETWORKS OF THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR SEXUAL EDUCATION AND SOME COLLABORATORS HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT. IT AIMS TO BE THE FIRST PART OF A WIDER RESEARCH PROCESS ALLOWING A PROPOSAL FOR A SYSTEM OF ACTIONS TO TRANSFORM THIS SOCIAL PHENOMENON, GIVEN THAT MORE THAN 80% QUESTIONED PEOPLE HAVE BEEN WITNESSES OF HOMOPHOBIC ACTIONS AND ALMOST 90% OF LESBIANS, GAYS,
BISEXUALS AND TRANS PEOPLE (LGBT) HAVE EXPERIENCED IT. IN THIS SAMPLE, THE MAIN PROBLEM OF HOMOPHOBIA IS EXPRESSED BY MOCKERIES AND INSULTS FROM PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT ACQUAINTED WITH THE VICTIMS.

KEY WORDS: HOMOPHOBIA, SEXUAL ORIENTATION, GENDER IDENTITY

THE RESEARCH ADDRESSES THE CHARACTERISTICS OF GENDER IDENTITY IN YOUNG WOMEN PRACTICING PROSTITUTION IN HAVANA, CUBA. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM WAS: WHAT CHARACTERISTICS HAS THE GENDER IDENTITY AS A COMPLEX MOTIVATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERSONALITY IN A GROUP OF YOUNG WOMEN PRACTICING PROSTITUTION? THE GENERAL GOAL CONCERNING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF GENDER IDENTITY IN THESE SELECTED INDIVIDUALS DERIVED
FROM IT. ANALYSIS DIMENSIONS OF GENDER IDENTITY AS A CATEGORY WERE: SELF-IMAGE, ASSESSMENT OF THE IMAGE, SELF-IDEAL, CONFLICTS, AND STRATEGIES FOR THE SOLUTION OF CONFLICTS. A QUALITATIVE METHODOLOGY AND THE METHOD OF STUDY OF MULTIPLE SAMPLES WERE IMPLEMENTED. THE SAMPLE INCLUDED SEVEN INDIVIDUALS, AND INTERVIEWS AND OBSERVATION WERE EMPLOYED AS TECHNIQUES. AS METHODS OF PROCESSING AND ANALYZING INFORMATION, THE CONTENTS ANALYSIS AND THE CASE DYNAMIC ANALYSIS WERE USED. MAIN RESULTS FOCUSED ON A TRADITIONAL SELF-IMAGE. THE ASSESSMENT OF SELF-IMAGE IS GENERALLY AMBIVALENT. ON THE ONE HAND, ACCORDING TO SELFIDEAL, THEY WISH TO BECOME SUCCESSFUL PROSTITUTES, BUT ON THE OTHER HAND THEY DESIRE TO BE GOOD MOTHERS AND WIVES. THESE NEEDS IN CONFLICT SHOW THAT BOTH ACCOMPLISH THE TRADITIONAL NORMS OF GENDER. AS STRATEGIES FOR THE SOLUTION OF CONFLICTS, THEY AGREED TO CONTINUE PRACTICING PROSTITUTION TO INCREASE THEIR ECONOMIC LEVEL, SATISFYING ONE OF THE NEEDS IMMEDIATELY AND LEAVING BEHIND THE OTHER FOR THE COMING FUTURE.

KEY WORDS: GENDER IDENTITY, PROSTITUTION, WOMEN, YOUNG PEOPLE

IN CONTEXTS WHERE INDIVIDUALS WITH A SEXUAL ORIENTATION DIFFERENT FROM HETERONORMATIVITY ARE OVERTLY OR COVERTLY REJECTED, ISOLATED, THEIR RIGHTS VIOLATED AND THEIR PERSONALITIES LACERATED, SAME-SEX COUPLES FIND IT VERY DIFFICULT TO DEVELOP A FUNCTIONAL AND FULL RELATIONSHIP. GIVEN THESE CIRCUMSTANCES, A BOND BASED ON LOVE, GENUINE ATTRACTION AND
COMMITMENT IS NOT AN OPTION FOR THESE COUPLES BUT RATHER A MUST. THIS, HOWEVER, IS NOT ENOUGH. THEY HAVE TO DEAL WITH THE CRUEL HOMOPHOBIA SO DEEPLY ROOTED IN THE SUBJECTIVE COLLECTIVE MEMORY AND MANIFESTED IN SOCIALIZING SPACES. FORTUNATELY, THERE ARE RESILIENT COUPLES WHO HAVE OVERCOME THESE DIFFICULTIES AND, OCCASIONALLY, THIS RELATION HAS CONSOLIDATED. THESE COUPLES ARE THE FOCUS OF THIS STUDY, AIMED AT CHARACTERIZING THE STRENGTHS THAT DEFINE THEM AS RESILIENT. A QUALITATIVE METHODOLOGY WAS USED TO STUDY SIX SAME-SEX COUPLES IN HAVANA FROM A SYSTEMIC, POSITIVE, AND PERSONAL-DEVELOPMENT ORIENTED PERSPECTIVE.
RESEARCH FINDINGS SHOWED THAT THE GREATEST ADVERSITIES FACED BY THESE COUPLES STEM FROM HOMOPHOBIA, IN THE WAKE OF WHICH SEVERAL SOCIOPSYCHOLOGICAL CONFIGURATIONS EMERGE TURNING THE COUPLE RELATIONSHIP INTO A SAFE SPACE FULL OF SATISFACTION AND POTENTIALITIES FOR ITS MEMBERS. KNOWING THE DYNAMIC OF RESILIENT COUPLES WILL UNDOUBTEDLY ENABLE US TO TAKE MORE ADEQUATE PREVENTION, PROMOTION AND INTERVENTION ACTIONS IN PURSUIT OF EQUALITY AND HAPPINESS OF INDIVIDUALS, COUPLES, AND FAMILIES.

KEY WORDS: SAME-SEX COUPLES, RESILIENCE, RISK FACTORS, PROTECTIVE
FACTORS

THE WIDE RANGE OF POSSIBILITIES THAT POPULAR EDUCATION OFFERS IS THE BASIC FACTOR FOR ANALYZING HOW ITS IMPLEMENTATION HAS CONTRIBUTED TO COMPREHENSIVE EDUCATION ON SEXUALITY. THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO EXPOSE THE RESULTS OF ITS
IMPLEMENTATION FOR COMPREHENSIVE EDUCATION ON SEXUALITY. IN THIS EXERCISE OF THINKING AND ACTING (REFLECTION AND ACTION) PEOPLE EXPAND THEIR KNOWLEDGE WITH REALITY AND WITH WHAT THEY BUILD THROUGH SELF-LEARNING IN WORKSHOPS AND IN THEIR
DAILY ACTIONS. OBVIOUSLY, THE IMPLEMENTATION OF POPULAR EDUCATION TO COMPREHENSIVE EDUCATION ON SEXUALITY PROMOTES CRITICAL AWARENESS, SELFDETERMINATION IN TERMS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND COMMITMENT TOWARDS TRANSFORMATION, AMONG OTHER THINGS. THEREFORE, THE IMPLEMENTATION OF POPULAR
EDUCATION PROMOTES THE COMPREHENSIVE EDUCATION PURPOSES AND GOALS OF BEING ABLE TO DETERMINE THEIR EMOTIONAL, PHYSICAL, AND SOCIAL DECISIONS, AMONG OTHERS. IN THE FIELD OF SEXUALITY, THE ACHIEVEMENT IS BASED ON THE POTENTIALS FOR AND COMMITMENT TO CHANGE OF THE SUBJECTS INVOLVED.

KEY WORDS: PARTICIPATION, AWARENESS-RAISING, CRITICAL AWARENESS

THE PURPOSE OF THIS ESSAY IS TO REFLECT ON SOME OF THE THEORETICAL, ANALYTICAL AND POLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF DIFFERENT PROCESSES OF CLASSIFICATION OF THE CATEGORIES OF BEING A MAN. IT IS ALSO A PURPOSE TO PRESENT THESE REFLECTIONS AS A PROPOSAL THAT STRUCTURES SOME RESEARCH FINDINGS, AS WELL AS THE
ASSUMPTIONS THAT SUPPORT THE CONSTRUCT OF INFORMATION PRODUCTION, INCLUDING THE ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING INFORMATION FROM OTHER STUDIES THAT DO NOT SPECIFICALLY ALLUDE TO MALES AS A POPULATION. IN ORDER TO DEFINE MY THEORETICAL, POLITICAL AND EXISTENTIAL POSITION, I HAVE USED SUCH CONCEPTS AS ALIENATION AND PROPERTY OVER THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION IN WHAT IS CALLED
“MASCULINITY.” FINALLY, A PROPOSAL IS OFFERED FOR THE DE-ALIENATION AND REAPPROPRIATION OF THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION BY THE RESPECTIVE ENTITIES AS HUMAN BEINGS.

KEY WORDS: MALES, MASCULINITY, ALIENATION, TYPOLOGIES, BEING A MAN

SIN

CE 2010, URUGUAY HAS BEEN DEVELOPING PUBLIC POLICIES WITH A HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE. IN THIS FRAMEWORK, AFFIRMATIVE ACTIONS HAVE BECOME A MEANS TO ACHIEVE RECOGNITION AND THE BEGINNING OF THE REDISTRIBUTION OF SOCIAL POWER FOR CERTAIN EXCLUDED GROUPS SUCH AS THE SEXUAL DIVERSITY GROUP. THIS ARTICLE NARRATES THE PROCESS OF PROVIDING SOCIAL BENEFITS THROUGH THE URUGUAY SOCIAL CARD (TUS, ITS SPANISH ACRONYM) FOR TRANS POPULATION IN URUGUAY. FIRST, IT DESCRIBES THE NEW URUGUAYAN SCENARIO REGARDING PUBLIC POLICIES IMPLEMENTED IN TERMS OF SEXUAL DIVERSITY AND, SECONDLY, THE GRANTING OF TUS-TRANS AS A FORM OF ACKNOWLEDGING THE RIGHTS OF THE POPULATION. THIRDLY, IT CHARACTERIZES THE TRANS POPULATION IN URUGUAY ACCORDING TO DATA PROVIDED BY THE PROGRAM ITSELF. FINALLY, IT ANALYZES THE SCOPE OF TUS-TRANS AS AN AFFIRMATIVE
ACTION.

KEY WORDS: PUBLIC POLICIES FOR SEXUAL DIVERSITY, AFFIRMATIVE ACTION, TRANS POPULATION, REDISTRIBUTION

THE REPORT ON VIOLENCE AGAINST BOYS AND GIRLS (UNICEF, 2006) REAFFIRMED THAT CHILD VIOLENCE IN SCHOOL IS A LONG-STANDING ISSUE AND A SERIOUS SOCIAL PROBLEM. CUBA HAS NOT BEEN SPARED THIS PHENOMENON. THE TRUTH OF THE MATTER IS THAT DESPITE EXISTING RIGHTS IN THE LEGISLATIVE AND POLICY FRAMEWORK SOME CHILDREN AND YOUTH CANNOT MATERIALIZE THEIR LIFE PROJECTS AND ARE EXCLUDED FROM EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES. THIS
CONTRADICTION BETWEEN THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND THE REALITY MUST THEREFORE BE SOLVED SINCE THEY ARE CUBAN CITIZENS, HENCE, FULLY FLEDGED SUBJECTS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER IS TO EVIDENCE THE NEED TO DEVELOP EDUCATIONAL PUBLIC POLICIES CONCERNING SCHOOL VIOLENCE SINCE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON THIS TOPIC IN CUBA IS SCARCE. AS A RESULT, A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCES WAS CARRIED OUT BASED ON THE EXISTING LEGAL
AND POLICY FRAMEWORK ON SCHOOL VIOLENCE, AIMED AT PREVENTING THIS PHENOMENON AND/OR PROMOTING AN EDUCATION FOR PEACE AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. THE STATE AND ITS SOCIAL REPRESENTATIVE, THE CUBAN MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, WORK TO PREVENT SCHOOL VIOLENCE, BUT THERE IS A QUESTION THAT REMAINS UNANSWERED: CAN THE EXISTING EDUCATIONAL
POLICIES ON SCHOOL VIOLENCE GUARANTEE THE PREVENTION OF THIS PHENOMENON?

KEY WORDS: PUBLIC POLICIES, SCHOOL VIOLENCE